HFCCには放送中止して以降もWYFRの周波数は残ったままである。これはB13になっても同じ。
11月7日付けのHFCCにも31波が登録されている。MBRとFCCで登録されており、このうちFCCは16波、ところがそのうち12月1日からと日付指定で9690kHzが英語放送として一波だけ修正された。他は何も変更はない。
ということはとりあえずはこの一波がWYFRで出ることになるのか。
9690 1100 1500 10,11 YFR 100 285 0 805 1234567 011213 300314 D Eng USA YFR FCC 16478
HFCCの登録では、現在WRMIが使っている9955kHzも24時間WYFRの登録と重なっている。

Radio Kuwaitのフィリピン向けが11月6日から21580kHzで聞こえている。5日までは15540kHzに出ていた。クウェートは良く誤送出をするので何とも言えないが、今日で三日間21580kHzに出ている。

BBCのペルシャ語はウェブサイトにあるようにその通り出ているが、それ以外にも、1430-1500に13690と15395kHzで強力に聞こえている。

8日1100過ぎに気付いたが17710kHzでBabcockのギター曲が延々と流れている。1125に停波したが、17720kHzのBBCよりも弱かった。
  

この先短波放送は中国と宗教局だけになりそうな勢い。今日も中止したWYFRが12月1日から放送を再開するというニュースが入ってきた。 WYFRのOkeechobee送信設備をWRMIが買い取り、ここから番組を出すことになるようだ。WRMIは現在9955kHzで様々な番組を出しており、これらの番組の一部（PCJ Radioなど）もOkeechobee送信所から出す予定らしい。

現在3台の短波送信機で放送しているWTWW宗教放送局、たまには日本でも聞こえることはあるが、この12105kHzはまず聞こえないようだ。米国内ではよく聞こえるようで、ここ最近では24時間放送しているみたい。
そしてここでも中国語番組が3時間出ているのがわかった。毎日0900-1200に12105kHzで放送されている。（3日までは0800-1100に出ていた）
中国語の始まるまではアフリカ言語、Yoruba語の番組が出ている。アナウンスによればWTWWは10言語で放送としているが、その中にこのナイジェリアの言語が、これまた3時間も出ているようだ。
放送時間はリーズナブルで中国語も0904頃から始まっている。

  

HFCCのB13登録周波数が18日付で更新されている。B13になってから早くも4回目の更新である。当初4696波がリストされていたが18日付では4548波に激減している。

調べたところ、IBB関連の周波数が2割も減っていることがわかった。放送時間の削減は英語語放送に一部みられるが、各言語の放送時間減はない模様。しかし使用周波数が大幅に減っているため、言語によっては各時間一波だけというのが目につく。

広東語はVOAだけでRFAが見つからない。中国語もVOA、RFAともに相当数減っている。チベット語と朝鮮語は、はほぼ現状の規模で放送される。

RFE/R.Libertyも周波数の削減されている。
アフガニスタン向けもこれまで通り0230-1430に放送されるが、各時間とも2波が使用されるのみ。
短波で24時間出ているイラン向けは現状維持。

このほかDWも現状維持、9言語の放送が続行される見通しである。
ロシアは今のところこのまま放送は続けられる。27日以降も増減はない。
  

ほとんど聞こえないのがこの15476kHzのスペイン語、各地のリモペルなどもトライしているがどこもほとんど聞こえない。そんな中、とある場所にあるALA100を使用しているPERSEUSがかなり強く聞こえていた。10月9日の1900台がピークのようで、1930から約20分ほど記録してみた。
日の出も遅くなり、この時期まず日本では聞こえない、日没2時間ほどまでが聞こえる範囲かも。それもかなり高利得のアンテナとロケーションがいるようだ。

  

VOAの新しいサービスとしてデジタルテキスト放送が毎週行われている。しかし東海岸送信のため受信はほとんど不可能だ。日照時間も短くなり土曜日1600の放送も弱くなってしまった。
これは短波放送の「見えるラジオ」といったところだ。今回もPERSEUSリモート受信で復調してみた。
テキスト文字は100%表示できる。FSKモードを16から128まで切り替え、同じ画像を送っていた。59.6カラットのダイアモンドの写真だ。
今年話題の彗星ISONの写真も送られてきた。カナリア諸島で撮影されたうっすらと尾を引く姿が見て取れる。30分番組のためテキストもかなり長い。MFSK128モードの表示スピードはとにかく速い。

このあとのハッブル宇宙望遠鏡とX線天文衛星チャンドラが小銀河M60-UCD1を観測したニュースは最近のVOAが伝えたもので、テキストではなく、HTMLソースのプログラムが送られてきた。
Before RSID: <<2013-09-28T16:01Z MFSK-16 @ 17860000+1500>>

Welcome to program 28 of VOA Radiogram from the Voice of America.

Here is the lineup for today's program (produced with Fldigi
3.21.76AG):

3:33 MFSK16: Program preview (now)
5:38 MFSK 16/32/64/128 images: Large diamond
3:45 MFSK32: BBC World Service archive
4:04 MFSK64: Deutsche Welle, Radio/TV Martí, with image
1:32 MFSK128: Willis Conover Facebook page, with image
:44 MFSK32: Email address
2:02 MFSK64: ISON comet, with image
2:29 MFSK64/Flmsg: Ultra-compact galaxy
:37 MFSK32: Closing announcements

Please send reception reports to radiogram@voanews.com

And visit voaradiogram.net

Twitter: @VOARadiogram

Next on VOA Radiogram will be the transmission of the same photo
in MFSK16, 32, 64, and 128.

During each mode change will be 4 seconds of silence before and 6
seconds of silence after the RSID.

Each photo transmission is 1:20 to 1:30 in duration.

Photo caption: A 59.6-carat pink diamond that will be auctioned
by Sotheby's in Geneva at an asking price of $60 million...


Sending Pic:140x169C;

Before RSID: <<2013-09-28T16:07Z MFSK-32 @ 17860000+1500>>

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Before RSID: <<2013-09-28T16:08Z MFSK-64 @ 17860000+1500>>

Sending Pic:140x169C;

Before RSID: <<2013-09-28T16:09Z MFSK-128 @ 17860000+1500>>

Sending Pic:140x169C;

Before RSID: <<2013-09-28T16:11Z MFSK-32 @ 17860000+1500>>




This is VOA Radiogram in MFSK32.

News about international broadcasting from kimandrewelliott.com.
A shortened URL for each post is below the headline.

Listeners are helping BBC validate World Service archive
metadata.

j.mp/1apoo24

BBC Internet Blog, 24 Sept 2013, Tristan Ferne: "The BBC World
Service Archive prototype allows you to search, browse and listen
to over 36,000 radio programmes from the BBC World Service
archive spanning the past 45 years. For a limited time you can
explore this archive and help us improve it by validating and
adding topic tags that describe the programmes. ... So far, users
of the prototype have listened to around 12,000 of the 36,000
programmes that are available and tagged or edited about 7,000 of
these. This has generated over 70,000 individual metadata 'edits'
(votes, new tags etc). We've even had some dedicated listeners
send us recordings of programmes that were missing from the
archive. We are currently analysing the data so far to see how
good the tags are by comparing professional archivists, listeners
and our algorithms."

The overlooked history of the international TV distribution
business.

j.mp/14IjsEA

Connect 2 Media & Entertainment, 25 Sept 2013, Dom Serafini:
One can find plenty of historical references about TV
technology, production, advertising and broadcasting. But for
academia, it's as if 50 years of international TV distribution
business never existed. And yet, international program sales made
commercial television viable and fostered its growth outside the
United States. If it weren't for American international
distribution, Canada couldn't have supported its first commercial
TV stations that later formed the CTV network. If countries such
as Mexico, Venezuela and Brazil hadn't started to export
Telenovelas in the 1950s and 1960s (first selling scripts, then
kinescoped versions and later, in 1965 versions on two-inch
videotapes), Latin America's TV industry couldn't have developed
as it did. If not for TV content sold internationally, Italy
couldn't have introduced commercial television in Europe. And
yet, very few records remain of those milestones."

VOA Radiogram now changes to MFSK64.

Next will be 4 seconds of silence, followed by the RSID for
MFSK64, followed by an additional 6 seconds of silence. If the
RSID does not change your mode to MFSK64, please do so
manually...



Before RSID: <<2013-09-28T16:15Z MFSK-64 @ 17860000+1500>>

This is VOA Radiogram in MFSK64.

News about international broadcasting from kimandrewelliott.com

Deutsche Welle's departing director on the roles on shortwave,
internet, television.

j.mp/1aoyekN

The Times of India, 19 Sept 2013, Deutsche Welle director general
Erik Bettermann as interviewed by Debasis Konar: "The importance
of shortwave has decreased dramatically almost everywhere,
largely due to increasing dominance of the internet. That's why
Deutsche Welle (DW) has reduced its shortwave radio programmes
significantly and invested more resources into its online
presence and television activities. ... Despite the increasing
importance of the Internet, radio is still a vital source of
information in many regions, where Internet access is limited. In
sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia, DW not only distributes its
radio content via shortwave, but also via partner stations. We
provide our users with audio files and podcasts in a variety of
languages. Many young people are accessing DW's audio offerings
through mobile devices even."

Director of Radio/TV Martí describes his station's media mix.

j.mp/16r0O7E

Radio Prague, 19 Sept 2013, Carlos Garcia-Perez, director of
Radio/TV Martí, as interviewed by Patrick McCumiskey: "We are a
multi media operation. ... Why is that? Well, there are two
primary reasons. Firstly, it's the most efficient way of carrying
on our operation today, and, as you know, the internet is a big
player. You (Radio Prague) play a big role on the internet now,
so internet and social media has changed the spectrum of how
information is disseminating and the availability of information.
Secondly, it is the attempt to jam us by the Cuban government.
And we go from the most primitive way of distributing
information, which is through flash drives and DVDs on the
island, where we put our radio and TV content to satellite. In
between those, we have an AM station, we have our own 1180
signal, but we buy time from commercial stations in Miami- that's
in a test period- but we do that because we know it reaches the
island, and we are getting great feedback from the island on
these. We are doing short wave and we are also testing FM. We
know the access to internet is a big component of distribution -
although we know access to the internet on the island is very
limited."

Photo follows: Radio/TV Martí director Carlos García-Pérez at
Radio Prague. Photo by Miloš Turek...


Sending Pic:200x152C;


VOA Radiogram now changes to MFSK128.

Next will be 4 seconds of silence, followed by the RSID for
MFSK128, followed by an additional 6 seconds of silence. If the
RSID does not change your mode to MFSK128, please do so
manually...

Before RSID: <<2013-09-28T16:19Z MFSK-128 @ 17860000+1500>>

This is VOA Radiogram in MFSK128.

VOA's Willis Conover has a (memorial) Facebook page.

j.mp/14IjtZa

www.facebook.com/WillisConoverClub: "Willis Conover (1920-1996)
was one of VOA's treasures, an internationally-known jazz
aficionado, well-connected within the jazz community but
little-known in the United States." "Although few Americans knew
the name Willis Conover, his distinctive baritone was the voice
of jazz — that quintessentially American music — for millions
around the world. From 1955 until 1996, Conover's Music USA Jazz
Hour brought sounds that Louis Armstrong once called 'not too
slow, not too fast — kind of half-fast' to listeners of the U.S.
government-sponsored Voice of America radio service."

Photo of Willis Conover follows...


Sending Pic:205x256;


VOA Radiogram now changes to MFSK32....

Before RSID: <<2013-09-28T16:20Z MFSK-32 @ 17860000+1500>>

This is VOA Radiogram in MFSK32.

Please send reception reports to radiogram@voanews.com

And visit voaradiogram.net

Twitter: @VOARadiogram

VOA Radiogram now changes to MFSK64.

Next will be 4 seconds of silence, followed by the RSID for
MFSK64, followed by an additional 6 seconds of silence. If the
RSID does not change your mode to MFSK64, please do so
manually...

Before RSID: <<2013-09-28T16:21Z MFSK-64 @ 17860000+1500>>

This is VOA Radiogram in MFSK64.

ISON's Approach Captured by Amateur Astronomers

VOA News

September 24, 2013

Comet ISON was spotted and photographed by amateur astronomers as
the highly-anticipated arrival of the icy space visitor nears.

"I photographed Comet ISON on September 15 using my 4-inch
refractor," reports astrophotographer Pete Lawrence of Selsey in
the United Kingdom. "The comet's tail is nicely on view even
through this relatively small instrument."

In Aquadilla, Puerto Rico, astronomer Efrain Morales Rivera saw
the comet on September 14 "rising above the canopy of the rain
forest just minutes before sunrise. I used a 12-inch telescope,"
he said.

ISON, which will make its closest approach to the sun on November
28, has the potential to be a spectacular sight, depending on how
it reacts to the solar heating it will receive.

NASA, the U.S. space agency, said that in mid-September the
approaching comet was glowing like a star of 14th magnitude.
That's dimmer than some forecasters expected.

"Certainly we would love it to be a couple of magnitudes brighter
right now," said researcher Karl Battams of the Naval Research
Lab in Washington, D.C., "but it's doing just fine. I'd say it's
still on course to become a very eye-catching object."

NASA cautions that comets are capable of "fizzling at the last
minute even after months of promising activity."

However, if ISON survives its brush with solar fire, it could be
visible to the naked eye, NASA said.

Based on the latest images, internationally known comet expert
John Bortle said "ISON appears likely to survive the inbound leg
of its journey all the way to the Sun. It will probably brighten
more slowly than all the early hype led the public to believe.
Nevertheless, Comet ISON should very briefly become exceptionally
bright, at least rivaling the planet Venus in the hours preceding
its closest approach to the sun."

After November 28, ISON will emerge from the sun's glare
well-positioned for observers in the northern hemisphere. The
comet's tail will likely be visible to the naked-eye in both the
morning and evening sky throughout December 2013.

The last comet that did this sort of thing was Comet Lovejoy,
which gave viewers in the southern hemisphere a view of the
comet's tail stretching halfway across the sky.
http://www.voanews.com/content/isons-approach-documented-by-amateur-astronomers/1756181.html

Photo follows: Comet ISON as seen in September by astronomer
Nirmal Paul of the Canary Islands (NASA)...


Sending Pic:384x216;

... start

:hdr_fm:19
VOA 20132609112223
:hdr_ed:19
VOA 20132609105105

:mg:2832

Voice of America

News / Science & Technology

Ultr a-Dense Dwarf Galaxy Discovered

VOA News
September 25, 2013

An "ultra-compact dwarf galaxy" has been spotted by astronomers.

The galaxy, known as M60-UCD1, has its entire mass in a radius of only 80 light years, compared to the Milky Way's
radius of 50,000 light years. That means the density of stars is about 15,000 times greater than the Milky Way, and
the stars are about 25 times closer.

"Traveling from one star to another would be a lot easier in M60-UCD1 than it is in our galaxy," said Jay Strader of
Michigan State University in Lansing, first author of a new paper describing these results. "But it would still take
hundreds of years using present technology."

Scientists hope M60-UCD1, which has the mass of 200 million suns, can provide clues on how galaxies evolved.

M60-UCD1 was seen by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and follow up observations were made with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ground-based optical telescopes.

The galaxy is believed to have abundant amounts of heavy elements - elements heavier than hydrogen and helium -
which makes it a "fertile environment for planets and, potentially, life to form," said co-author Anil Seth of the
University of Utah.

Another intriguing aspect of M60-UCD1 is that the Chandra data reveal the presence of a bright X-ray source in its
center. One explanation for this source is a giant black hole weighing in at some 10 million times the mass of the
Sun.

"We think nearly all of the stars have been pulled away from the exterior of what once was a much bigger galaxy,"
said co-author Duncan Forbes of Swinburne University in Australia. "This leaves behind just the very dense nucleus
of the former galaxy, and an overly massive black hole."

If that happened, the galaxy would have been 50 to 200 times more massive than it is now.

Researchers believe the galaxy is more than 10 billion years old and that it has been "stalled" at this size for
several billion years, and it is about 60 million light years from Earth.

A paper on M60-UCD1 has been published in the September 20th issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

www.voanews.com/content/
dwarf-dense-galaxy-discovered-m60ucd1/1757137.html

... end



Voice of America

News / Science & Technology

Ultra-Dense Dwarf Galaxy Discovered
VOA News
September 25, 2013

An "ultra-compact dwarf galaxy" has been spotted by astronomers.

The galaxy, known as M60-UCD1, has its entire mass in a radius of only 80
light years, compared to the Milky Way's radius of 50,000 light years. That
means the density of stars is about 15,000 times greater than the Milky
Way, and the stars are about 25 times closer.

"Traveling from one star to another would be a lot easier in M60-UCD1 than
it is in our galaxy," said Jay Strader of Michigan State University in Lansing,
first author of a new paper describing these results. "But it would still
take hundreds of years using present technology."

Scientists hope M60-UCD1, which has the mass of 200 million suns, can provide
clues on how galaxies evolved.

M60-UCD1 was seen by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and follow up observations
were made with NASA's Chandra
X-ray Observatory and ground-based optical telescopes.

The galaxy is believed to have abundant amounts of heavy elements - elements
heavier than hydrogen and helium - which makes it a "fertile environment
for planets and, potentially, life to form," said co-author Anil Seth of
the University of Utah.

Another intriguing aspect of M60-UCD1 is that the Chandra data reveal the
presence of a bright X-ray source in its center. One explanation for this
source is a giant black hole weighing in at some 10 million times the mass
of the Sun.

"We think nearly all of the stars have been pulled away from the exterior
of what once was a much bigger galaxy," said co-author Duncan Forbes of
Swinburne University in Australia. "This leaves behind just the very dense
nucleus of the former galaxy, and an overly massive black hole."

If that happened, the galaxy would have been 50 to 200 times more massive
than it is now.

Researchers believe the galaxy is more than 10 billion years old and that
it has been "stalled" at this size for several billion years, and it is
about 60 million light years from Earth.

A paper on M60-UCD1 has been published in the September 20th issue of The
Astrophysical Journal Letters.

www.voanews.com/content/dwarf-dense-galaxy-discovered-m60ucd1/1757137.html

Before RSID: <<2013-09-28T16:27Z MFSK-32 @ 17860000+1500>>



Please send reception reports to radiogram@voanews.com

And visit voaradiogram.net

Twitter: @VOARadiogram

Thanks to colleagues at the Edward R. Murrow shortwave
transmitting station in North Carolina.

I'm Kim Elliott. Please join us for the next VOA Radiogram.

This is VOA, the Voice of America.

  

この週末またVoice of Hopeがテスト放送を行うというので受信した。しかし日本では聞こえない時間帯、リモート受信で。
時々英語とスペイン語でテスト放送のアナウンスが出ているが、基本的にはスペイン語だが、30分ごとには英語アナウンスも出ている。

9月7日0207にカリフォルニアでの受信。0235に停波したが80秒後に再開している。
  

毎週土日に放送されているVOA Radiogram、北米向けのため日本での受信はほぼ不可能だ。31日は初めて英語以外のクメール語とロシア語のテキストも放送するというのでリモート受信をしてみた。
再生ソフトの使い方がいまいちよくわからず、後半は復調で来たが画像は同期が取れずグニャリ。

VOA HIGHLIGHTS

VOA Radio Photo Contest in Cambodia

For VOA's Khmer Service, radio remains the most valuable medium
for reaching audiences in Cambodia. The Semtice decided to honor
the humble radio with a photo contest that lets listeners share
pictures of their favorite device.

In the MyRadio photo contest, listeners sent a photo of their
radio, a family member's radio, or any other audio device that
they use to listen to VOA Khmer programs. Each day, a winner is
chosen and the photo was posted on the VOA Khmer Facebook page as
the prize.

"This is an opportunity for us to get to know our audience
better, and for them to engage with us," says Sophat Soeung, the
Khmer Service's new media coordinator. "It is a small thing that
acknowledges our loyalty to each other," he says, "and their
photos show that our audiences today access our radio content
from a variety of devices – from traditional radio sets, to phone
radio, to web streaming on their smartphones."

More than one in ten adults in Cambodia listen to VOA programs on
the radio every week - most on FM affiliate stations, including
Beehive Radio and others. VOA Khmer is also broadcast on
shortwave, and many of the Service's Facebook fans say they
listen on mobile phones.

The contest was announced on July 4th to celebrate the freedom
of uncensored information. On July 8th, the first of the 25
winning photos was published on the Khmer Facebook page.
Participants had until July 15th to send in photos, and a winner
was posted every day until early August.

See the photos:
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10151559936248800.1073741846.154829473799&type=3

Next is one of the submitted photos...
Sending Pic:285x167C;

VOA Radiogram now changes to MFSK16 for closing announcements...

Before RSID: <<2013-08-31T16:26Z MFSK-32 @ 1508>>

Please send reception reports to radiogram@voanews.com.

And visit voaradiogram.net.

Twitter: @VOARadiogram

Thanks to colleagues at the Edward R. Murrow shortwave
transmitting station in North Carolina.

I'm Kim Elliott. Please join us for the next VOA Radiogram.

This is VOA, the Voice of America.
Before RSID: <<2013-08-31T16:27Z MFSK-16 @ 1500>>

Thank you for decoding the modes on VOA Radiogram.
  

毎週放送されているVOAのFSK放送、3日1600の17860kHzを受信。画像はサイズの違う4種類が送られた。
復調で来たテキストは以下の通り。

Welcome to VOA Radiogram number 20.

Here is the lineup for today's program...

2:30 MFSK16: Program preview
5:22 MFSK32: VOA News re 3D printed heart
1:00 MFSK32: Heart image
4:15 MFSK64: VOA News re oxygen in Mars's past
1:15 MFSK32: Mars image
7:00 EasyPal image*
1:08 MFSK16: closing announcements
1:17 MFSK32: VOA Radiogram logo
:55 Surprise mode of the week

*Download EasyPal software from vk4aes.com.

Please send reception reports to radiogram@voanews.com

And visit voaradiogram.net

Twitter: @VOARadiogram

Next on VOA Radiogram, VOA News in the MFSK32 mode...

Sending Pic:283x44C;

3D Printers Help Heart Surgeons

George Putic KI4FNF
July 30, 2013

WASHINGTON — 3D printers are slowly entering everyday life and
they are increasingly being used in medicine. Doctors at
Washington's Children's National Medical Center say the life-size
tri-dimensional prints of their patients' hearts helps them in
planning and executing surgeries.

Magnetic resonance imaging, computer tomography and ultrasound
already give pretty good images of patients' internal organs, but
doctors at the Children's National Medical Center say nothing
beats holding a life-size model of a heart in your hand prior to
the surgery. They can study it, plan the procedure and even
practice the access to the damaged area.

Pediatric cardiologist Laura Olivieri says many of their young
patients were born with hearts that did not form as they should
have, but surgeons can correct that.

"Seeing the heart defect in three dimensions can really help the
interventionist or the surgeon plan the best procedure," she
said.

The hospital acquired the $250,000 printer about 18 months ago
and the team is still expanding and finding new areas to print.

The procedure always starts with taking a set of
three-dimensional images with magnetic resonance imager, computer
tomography scanner and ultrasound machine. Highly trained
pediatric cardiologists manipulate those images and separate the
organ from the noise in the picture. In order to save time in
printing they sometimes also cut away parts of the image
irrelevant to the planned procedure.

"It takes us now about an average I would say about two hours of
manual work on the computer to manipulate the data in to generate
the 3D model and the printer takes about, for a full size heart
like this, it takes about 12 hours," said mechanical engineer
Alex Krieger, the principal investigator for pediatric surgical
innovation at the Children's National Medical Center. "A smaller
heart maybe five, six hours."

Krieger says in one instance his team printed a model of the
heart of a patient with stenosis, or narrowing of the passage
between two heart chambers. The interventional cardiologist
wanted to see exactly what kind of stent he should use, the size
and length of it, and also the access path.

"So this model allowed him to really look at that in depth and
plan, and prepare for the procedure better," he said.

The machine prints by spraying layers of plastic, one on top of
the other, while the ultraviolet light immediately cures it
before the next layer is sprayed. Krieger says the printer can be
loaded with two different materials. Precise control of their
ratio allows the printed model to feel very natural, with both
hard and soft tissues.

Cardiologist Olivieri says doctors still have to learn a lot
about the new procedure.

"It's a brand new field. These have only been possible for a wery
little amount of time and I don't think we even know the full
capability of what we're going to be... what they're going to be
used for," she said. "We're kind of talking about a technology
that went going from feasible to kind of usable and we're right
in that middle ground right now."

There is also hope that someday hospitals will be able to print
even replacement parts for damaged organs.

"There's eventually some organ printing, you know, that's the
ultimate goal, but I think there are a few steps between that we
will reach in the next few years, on the way to full organ
printing that I'm very excited about," said Krieger.

http://www.voanews.com/content/three-d-printers-heart-surgery/1713293.html

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:to:28 Worldwide shortwave audience
:fm:13 VOA Radiogram
:dt:15 3-4 August 2013
:tm:38 Sat 1600, Sun 0230, Sun 1300, Sun 1930
:sb:46 VOA News: Mars Once Had Oxygen-Rich Atmosphere
:mg:5559

Voice of America

Mars Once Had Oxygen-Rich Atmosphere

Rick Pantaleo
July 30, 2013

New research by scientists at Oxford University in England has revealed that Mars may
have also had an oxygen-rich atmosphere about four billion years ago, nearly 1.5
billion years before Earth developed its atmospheric oxygen.

The scientists, led by Professor Bernard Wood, first studied the chemical composition
of Martian meteorites that fell to Earth, which they say probably came from the deep
interior of Mars. They made a similar examination of rocks that were found on the
surface of Mars with data provided by NASA's 'Spirit' rover. After comparing the
composition of both forms of Martian rock, they found that those from the surface
came from a more oxygen-rich environment.

Wood described the Martian rocks from meteorites as geologically 'young', around 180
million to 1.4 billion years old, and those found and analyzed by the Spirit rover
was from what was said to be very old part of Mars, more than 3.7 billion years old.

The principal difference in chemical composition between the meteorite and surface
rocks that he and his team noticed was in the concentration of nickel.

According to their analysis, the surface rocks had about five times as much nickel as
the Martian meteorite, something they thought was puzzling, and made them wonder
whether the meteorites are typical volcanic products of the red planet.

"What we have shown is that both meteorites and surface volcanic rocks are consistent
with similar origins in the deep interior of Mars, but that the surface rocks come
from a more oxygen-rich environment, probably caused by recycling of oxygen-rich
materials into the interior," said Wood.

Here on Earth, the method in which oxidized material can get recycled into the
interior is something called subduction, which Wood describes as the process where
old crust is pushed back down into the interior of the planet. The newly reintroduced
oxidized material, he said, has an effect on the kind of material produced in the
interior that is later brought back to the surface through volcanic activity.

The researchers believe that same processes took place on Mars during its early
history, explaining why some Martian rock came from an oxygen rich environment while
others did not.

Why is Mars the red planet?

Scientists say that the reddish hue of Mars surface is the result of oxidized iron -
rust. This alone could show that the planet must have had oxygen available at least
some time in its history.

So, where did the oxygen on come from?

Here on Earth, our oxygen was first produced as a result of the photosynthesis of
early microbes. But that's not how Mars got its oxygen.

"It would be very interesting if one could assert that the same thing, that microbes
were involved on Mars, but in fact, the principle origin of oxygen was probably from
the breakdown of water into oxygen plus hydrogen," said Wood. "This happens in the
atmosphere all the time, it's happening on Earth right now; water is broken down into
oxygen plus hydrogen and some hydrogen escapes from the Earth, leaving a small amount
of remaining oxygen in the atmosphere." The breakdown of the water into its basic two
elements is caused by the Sun's radiation.

Wood thinks that this same process had to have happened on Mars as well, if there was
water vapor in the Martian atmosphere. He adds that the big difference is that on
Mars, it's easier for the hydrogen to escape, because of its weaker gravity.

"So, as long as there was water around on Mars, the water vapor in the atmosphere,
there would be continuous production of oxygen due to the breakdown of water into
oxygen plus hydrogen," said Wood.

Losing oxygen

Unlike Earth though, Mars lost its atmospheric oxygen. Wood says this was due to its
reaction to the surface of planet.

As mentioned earlier, Mars got its reddish hue due to the oxidation of iron contained
in its rocks and soil. It was that oxidation process that eventually robbed Mars of
its oxygen, according to Wood. Water that was present on the surface of early Mars
also disappeared as a reaction with the rocks. "So, water is consumed, carbon dioxide
is to some extent consumed and the oxygen is consumed by reaction between oceans and
atmospheres and the rocks," said Wood.

While the same processes are happening on Earth, the difference is that here there is
continuous production of more water and carbon dioxide due to volcanic activity, so
there is continuous replenishment of each.

Wood said that Mars didn't have the same advantage of having these elements replenish
ed. Unlike Earth, Mars, a smaller planet, quickly became much colder.

As it cooled down the amount of volcanism reduced, its water and carbon dioxide were
not replaced efficiently.

Eventually, the amount of water and CO2 being replaced by this process would have
become very small, and so gradually all of the water and carbon dioxide would have
been consumed.

This would have caused a thinning of Mars' atmosphere, making its surface even
colder, producing a negative greenhouse effect, making it impossible for the planet
to retain any of the Sun's heat.

The study that chronicled the research and findings by Wood's research team was
published recently in the journal, Nature.

www.voanews.com/con
tent/mars-oxygen/1713223.html

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一時放送時間が削減されたTOMさんがまた復活している。昨日から17750kHzでも聞こえており、同局のサイトを見たら、1200-1400に出ていることが分かった。
この1200台は9930kHzでも聞こえているが、これはWTWWからの送信だ。金土日はパラオから電波が出ており受信できないが、あと4日間は弱いながらも英語が聞こえている。15205や17750kHzと同じ番組が出ているのが分かる。
1800以降の各波も結構強く聞こえている。

The Overcomer Ministry
1200-1400 9930tww, 15205iss, 17750iss
1400-1600 9655nau, 13810iss
1800-2200 9700sof
1900-2100 11850sof
2000-2200 11775nau
2100-2300 15390nau, 15620nau
このほかWRMIやWWCRなどでも長時間中継されている。
  

予告通りWYFR Family Radioはすべての短波放送を終了した模様。7月1日0400の6115kHz、RTIの英語放送を最後に米国からの短波送信は終了した。

これに伴い7月1日、RTIの一部言語のスケジュールも変更された。6月1日に次いで短波放送も縮小傾向にある。
RTIの放送時間が減っても中国のジャミングは使われていない周波数へも垂れ流しを続けており始末が悪い。こんな中国でも好きな人はいるようで、ノコノコ出かけていくおめでたいのもいる。こんな人、日本への再入国は拒否してほしい。

放送バンド外のSOHも今まで通り50波以上が聞こえている。
WYFR6115kHz最後の放送、7月1日米国東海岸での受信音声。0059と0358の終了部分の音声、This is WYFR, Okeechobee, Floridaのアナウンスを最後にキャリアーが切れた。